你好，我是创洋移民的洋洋。很高兴能够回答你的问题。
首先词汇量洋洋就不多说了，根据洋洋之前的文章，你可以看看你需要达到多少词汇量。
其次比较重要的是论述，论述重在逻辑，逻辑的表现就是逻辑连接词。灵活而不重样地使用这些词汇，即代表着语法的游刃有余，也代表着逻辑的清晰明了。
***********PART 1逻辑连接词***********###1.1 让步###
1. Despite+n/ving = in spite of 尽管. （不能加句子）
Despite the fact that + 句子（太累赘）
Despite myself, … 情不自禁地…
Her words were so satirical（讽刺的）that I lost my temper in spite ofmyself。
2. Although（更书面）= though(更口语) =even if (即使，更偏假设性)=eventhough（虽然，更偏事实性）+句子
注：不能与but连用。
Devoted though we are to prosperity and freedom, we cannot shakeoff the judgmental strand of justice.用倒装
3. No matter how/what/who等= 疑问句+ever
No matter who/Whoever you are, you must keep the law.
注意：疑问句+ever 可以引导名词性从句
Whoever（≠ no matter who）comes will be welcome.
4. …, as long as…
You can do what you want, as long as you like.
5. 名词/表语/动词+ as（though）倒装，。。。，表“纵使”
Object as/though you may, I’ll go。
Small as atoms are, they are made up of still smaller units。
Lover of towns as I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my earlycountry life.
6. Whether…or… 正反两方面，。。。表“不论。。。与否”
Whether you believe it or not, it's true.
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.
7. Notwithstanding +sth尽管
But notwithstanding its ancient lineage, it is open to thefollowing challenge.
8. albeit 虽然即使
You are to be given one method of communication with your rival,albeit indirect communication.
9. Be原型+主语+表语（n, adj）= whether+主语+be动词+表语（n,adj）。不论。一文学性强的虚拟语气，表让步。
Be it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system,values and level of development, those countries or regions areoften different from one another.
###1.2 原因###Since
As
Because
Attribute…to…把。。。归因于。。。
He attributed the opposition to a deep-seated attitude inmilitary.
The reason why+结果/ that+原因
Greed is the reason why they do not deserve the money.
Sth would explain why …
For this reason
Be due to
Owing to sth 介词
Owe to sth 动词
Account for=result in 表示导致
Systematic economic forces account for the disastrous loses.
###1.3 目的###So
So that
Should law be neutral towards competing conceptions of virtue, sothat people can be free to choose for themselves the best way tolive?
To do sth,…
To answer it, we have to explore the meaning of justice.
In order to
In order to determine who deserves what, we have to determine whatvirtues are worthy of honor and reward.
###1.4 结果###Accordingly
Therefore
Excessive greed is therefore a vice that a good society shoulddiscourage if it can.
Result in
This outcome will result in children starting bullying youngerones.
Thus
Hence
So
Consequently
As such
###1.5 时间###When+句子
While+句子
Once+句子，一旦
Once the age of reason is reached, children can be rewarded forgood behavior and discouraged from bad.
As
As we encounter new situations, we move back and forth between ourjudgement and principles, revising each in light of the other.
###1.6 转折###However,
Yet 轻微转折
And yet we worry when judgments about virtue finds their way intolaws.
On the contrary
Rather than. 并不是并没有, 前后的词性一样
This policy might lead them to stay in harm’s way rather than fleeto safety.
Rather than press for maximum advantages, people look out for oneanother.
Instead,
表示对上述方式的完全反转
Instead, a just society respects each people’s freedom to choosehis or her own conception of the
good life.
Instead of
While
Whereas
Conversely
Nevertheless
###1.7 类比###just as/like
Similarly,
As …
They have sacrificed as surely, and as honorably, as those who havelost a limb.
The same as
Tourists find this park just the same as the one they visitedpreviously.
###1.8 对比###While既可以对比相反的东西，也可以对比稍有不同的
Ancient theories start with virtue while modern theories start withfreedom.
By contrast, 对比之下
The virtue argument, by contrast, rests on the judgment that greedis a vice that state should
discourage.
Likewise
Compared with/to
More…than…
On the other hand
By comparison/contrast
In comparison with 介词
This essay will briefly review the cons and pros of imprisonment incomparison with job training.
Alternatively
###1.9 递进###Furthermore
In addition to sth,
In addition to outlining the causes of this problem, this essaywill also propose solutions.
Besides,
In addition,
What’s more
Apart from…
Moreover
###1.10 举例###The likes of 就像
Such as
Like
Their purchases of necessities
like safe lodging are forced.
In some instances. 在某些情况中
…is a case in point. 正在点儿上，指例子可以很好地阐述这个观点
Here is a case where…指出例子
Here is a case where the economy as a whole seemed to outweighconsiderations of fairness.
For instances,
For example
###1.11 假设###If
If its price is higher, manufacturers will find it worth theirwhile to produce more goods.
Given/provided+名词， 考虑到、假如
###1.12 解释，转述###
In other words,
Prosperity matters, in other words, because it contributes to ourwelfare.
That is, that is to say
i.e.
mean that
###1.13 并列###And
As well as
关于，至于。
In terms of/ regarding/concerning/ talking about/speaking of/whenit comes to sth/as for/for
###1.14 说明观点######认为/支持/反对
###认为：
Argue that.有“争论到”之意，用于对陈述相反观点
Some economists argued that the law was misconceived.
Believe that
Some believed that the exchange of goods should be governed by ajust price.
Acknowledge that.
承认，一般表示某人承认，之后会转折
I have to acknowledge that it has the advantage of highefficiency.
It is true that…but…用于承认一方后，强调另一方
Maintain that
Defenders of this law maintain that, under certain conditions, thefree market is not truly free.
Hold that
Many people hold that government should be neutral on matters ofvirtue and vice.
Insist that
Those who insist that only bleeding wounds should be count believethat …
Claim that声称
The veteran’s group claimed that doing so would “debase” thehonor.
Point out
As he points out, buyers under duress have no freedom.
Be of the opinion that
I am of the opinion that car ownership should be discouraged.
From a personal point of view,..
From a personal point of view, it is essential to reducenon-essential travel.
Conviction，坚信
My firm conviction is that punishment does not has much of a roleto play in this.
Consider…(to be).认为。。。如何
Some people favor abortion rights, and others consider abortion tobe murder.
Whereas some consider it an form of reverse discrimination againstpeople who deserve admission on their merits.
sb’s point is that…某人的意思是
Plato’s point is that to grasp the meaning of justice and thenature of the good life, we must rise above from the prejudices androutines of everyday life.
###支持：
Support
Favor sth/doing sth
The captain favors including mental injuries.
Advocates/defenders/proponents 反对者、支持者
Defend sth捍卫，支持
Some defend affirmative actions in college admissions as a way ofrighting past wrongs.
###反对：
Argue against. 反对
Jeff, a pro-market commentator writing the book Boston Globe,argued against this law.
Reject
反对某种观点/行为
Jim rejected the notion that these “unconscionable” pricesreflected a truly free exchange.
A civilized country should reject the torture of terrorsuspects.
The argument for or against sth. 对某话题的支持/反对观点
We should also consider one further argument for this law.
Oppose sth/sb/doing
A veteran’s group opposed awarding the medal for psychologicalinjuries.
Disagree
Citizens of pluralist societies disagree about such things?
Disagree with
Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the givenstatement.
Opponents 反对者，是名词
Not surprisingly, the opponents of this law invoke these twosimilar arguments for free markets.
###表示优点缺点
advantages and disadvantages
Its advantages overweight its disadvantages.
pros and cons
strengths and weaknesses
merits and demerits
sth do more good than harm
benefits and problems
Even if high prices call forth a greater supply of goods, thisbenefit has to be weighed against the burden such prices impose onthose least to afford them.
On the plus/positive/negative side
On the downside
###做结论
Conclude that.
So we can conclude that ….
In brief/in summary/conclusion
To summarize
###根据
According to/Based on
According to the textbook context, this question divides ancientand modern political thought.
###引出话题
It is said that…据说
It seems that
The focus of … is on sth.
The focus of this essay is on the causes of and solutions to thisproblem.
***********PART 2 重要句式结***********原则：主谓宾是骨头，逻辑连接词是骨头间的韧带，其他修饰词则是肌肉。
名词从句=名词
What I am proficient in is ancient Chinese literature.
That’s where he met me.
Those
Those+adj/ving/ved/to v/介词，代表一类人或物
All those eligible will receive a cash handout.
The new law clearly benefits those earning the most money.
Only 18 percent of those surveyed opposed the idea.
I'm going to sort these old books into those to be kept and thoseto be thrown away.
Have some consideration for those without a job.
Those+从句who(人)/which（物）/whose（表归属）/in which（表位置），Those相当于一个名词
Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in.
We must try to find out those which may be attacked mosteasily.
This disease is more likely to strike those whose immune systemsare already below par.
The poems which he wrote in the countryside are generally agreed tobe those in which he found his true voice.
He who can be a best servant can be a best leader.
在句子中，任何名词随时都可以用 ved/ving/介词/形容词来修饰，可以使得单句也有复杂结构，却比定语从句简单
疑问词+to+v
I am considering how to manage this assignment But who is to judgewhat is virtue and what is vice?
动词分词做定语（ving, ved）,可以替代定语从句
His work as a consultant consisted in advising foreign companies onthe siting of new factories.
句子，especially+名词或者从句. 这样可以对句子进行更加精确的描述。
Members of a competitive team can always keep them motivated,especially when confronted with tough situation and fiercecompetition.
…, if any. (表示如果有…的话)
State your hypothesis or theory, if any.
What, if anything, should the law do about it？
Rather, 单独出现表示“更准确的说”
Rather, parents should employ a variety of methods to disciplinetheir children.
用插入语. 补充信息，增强节奏感：两种形式：逗号或者横线隔开
But in a market society, the economists observed, prices are set bydemand and supply.
They are no more “special” or “fair” than other prices that marketconditions—including
those promoted by a hurricane—may bring about. 补充信息。
Higher prices have the advantages, economists argued, of limitingthe use of such things by consumers. 转述说的话时，“某某说”可以做插入语。
Jeff, a pro-market commentator writing the book Boston Globe,argued against this law on similar grounds. 对身份的补充。
Many people, including those who support this law, find the virtueargument discomfiting. 包含的对象的具体说明。
All they ever see is the play of shadows on the wall, a reflectionof objects they can never apprehend. 同位语，用以解释或者补充前面的名词
To do sth 作主语
To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish.
By doing sth, … 表示做事的方式途径
By providing incentives for suppliers to produce more of the neededgoods, it do more good than harm.
副词开头，句子。节奏感强
Not surprisingly, the opponents of this law invoke these twosimilar arguments for free markets.
Doing/To do A is not doing/to do B. 做A并不是做B. 表示从反面对A的补充
To acknowledge the moral forces of virtue argument is not to insistit must always prevail over competing considerations.
特殊的定语从句，介词+which定语从句与介词的妙用，这需要动词与介词本身就是固定搭配
It is about cultivating the attitudes and the qualities ofcharacters, on which a good society depends.
Cannot …without…没有。。。就不能。。。
Aristotle maintains that we cannot figure out what a justconsideration is without first reflecting of the most desirable wayof life.
主语倒装句
At the heart of the disagreement are rival conceptions of moralcharacter.
Underlying the phenomenon was a profound reason.
Sth is not (that)…but (that)…,
成分要一致，是。。。而不是。。。
The public’s objection to the bonuses is not that they reward greedbut that they reward failure.
The answer is that moral reflection is not a solitary pursuit but apublic endeavor.
构词形式：A-被动： 被A。。。的
A market-driven society
A knowledge-based economy
副词+形容词
Financially better-off
Do 用于动词前表示强调
He did want them to take responsibility for their failure.
反问，表示强烈语气
Couldn’t it be argued that难道不能认为。。。，
How can it be。。 怎么可能。。
What would sth be if…如果…sth 会怎样？
With+ved/ving/to do/sth,
动词分词前置或者后置：ved, 句子，ving…
Awarded the Noble Prize, Yoyouyou become known by public, makingher the most influential figure of this year.
Confronted with this situation, we…..
Socrates suggests that, having glimpsed the sun, only thephilosopher is fit to rule the cave dwellers, if he can somehow becoaxes into the darkness where they live.
用虚拟语气（动词用过去式），表示未发生或者假想发生的事儿
Let us not forget either that…咱们也不要忘记。。。
Let us forget either that traditional products, whether these bemedicines or food, provide employment for local people.
***********PART 3 词组与句子搭配***********Include but not limited in sth
We welcome potential candidates including but not limited those whohave affluent experience in education.
Both...and ….(两者都)
Now women work both before and after having their children.
Either…or…（肯定句中标两者选其一，否定句中表两者都不）
Either you or I am wrong.
Neither…nor…（两者都不）
Neither he nor she is at home today.
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, butit will never forget what they did here.
There is no such thing as xx. 并没有这种叫xx的
There is no such thing as a “just price”.
Too…to….太。。。以至于不能。。。
His boss is too hard to get along with.
It is worthwhile/worth one’s while/worth while doing（=worth doing）/to do something(= worthy to do sth).
Be worth+名词形式（名词，doing sth）
Be worthy to do sth/ of doing sth
If its price is higher, manufacturers will find it worth theirwhile to produce more goods.
It points out a moral argument worth seriously taking.
Sb get sth done. /sth get done. 表示sth 被怎么样。
It is how goods and services get allocated in a free society.
引出问题
The debate about sth raises hard questions of …
Take advantage of 利用使用
Is it wrong for sellers of goods and services to take advantage ofa natural disaster by charging whatever the market will bear?
Not only(simply)…, (but) also…
These questions are not only about how individuals should treat oneanother. They are also about what the law should be, how societyshould be organizes.
More than. 不单单
Over the last decade, the prices more than doubled. But the outrageat this behavior is more
than mindless anger. More than a personal vice, it is at odds withcivic virtue.
The question is … /the problem with… is that问题是
The question is whether, or to what extent, people are free ratherthan forced.
Mean that+从句，mean doing sth意味着
Aristotle teaches that justice means that giving people what theydeserve.
It is … that/to do…
So it is understandable that people are not keen to reward it.
The line between A and B..
The line between success and failure is clear.
Have a hard time doing sth. 艰难地做某事
I have a hard time understanding the public’s furry.
Once and for all一劳永逸
Political philosopher cannot resolve these arguments once and forall.
Turn to doing sth转而做某事
People turn to buying new brands.
Have access to sth
Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to thesame products.
Tell/distinguish…from…/ Tell/distinguish the difference between Aand B.
Have long been 很早就。。。
There has long been controversy about the negative effects oftravelling by cars
否定或者消极的陈述，let alone …。更不用说。。。
He cannot read an article fluently, let alone write a decentessay.
感谢阅读
特别鸣谢：清南
留学，对任何一个人来说，可能都是一个不大不小的际遇，可以为你的人生带来很大的改变。出国前，也许亲友会跟你说，留了学，你整个人以后就不一样了，但是究竟不一样在哪里?这里帮大家总结一下，留学，到底在思维和生活习惯上，能给你带来哪些不同?
1、更加遵守规矩
这个不仅仅指行为习惯上的更加遵纪守法，也是指思维上的，刚到其他国家时，你必然要入乡随俗，去约束自己遵守很多的社会规则。
2、对于“祖国”、“民族”的感知度会更深
并非仅仅是说，民族荣誉感更强烈。只是到了国外，无论在课堂上还是社交当中，多少总会有人和你讨论你的国家，而且你在国内外的社交媒体上接收到的关于祖国的信息必然是不同的，在国外也许会更多地听到外人口中的中国是什么样子，接触到的视角更多了，通常会造成你对于祖国、民族方面的问题的感知度要更深一些。
3、社交方面变得更积极
出国去读书，尤其是如果你是第一次、一个人到国外去长期学习的话，那么刚抵达的那段时间，你一定觉得孤单寂寞无依无靠。豆瓣上不是还有一个小组嘛，叫做“是谁他妈的发明出国这么孤独的事儿”。
对大多数人来说，异国的新环境会造成一种从未感受过的强烈孤独感，令人觉得比从前更热切地想去交朋友，这样处理很多事情的时候能有同伴在身边，或者有可以商量可以请教的人，闲暇时也有可以hang out的人。即使是从前很内向的人，说不定也会一到国外就早早地和很多人建立起友谊。
国外的社交方式，多半就是，一起去上课、一起去办事、一起健身/运动、一起参加party、一起看电影、一起去泡酒吧/夜店。还有一种，大多数人觉得无聊，但主页君自己却很喜欢，就是跟一个或一群朋友在咖啡馆坐着，什么也不干，纯聊天，如果和你聊天的人里有说英语的那就更完美了。
4、对于语言，自信和自卑感交战
首先，当你一开始发现，你可以跟来自各国的人们用英语把自己的意思交流到八九不离十的程度时，你的内心深处肯定是骄傲的，觉得自己的口语还不赖嘛。
但是没过多久，你就会有机会听到native speaker大段大段地跟你讲话。在国外，只要是听native speaker说话，无论是讲座、现场节目还是仅仅跟他们私下聊天，你都会觉得他们所做的一切根本就是在一遍一遍地break your confidence。
最终你会明白，你的英语永远无法真正说得那么地道。这会让你产生不甘心和不自信，但是同时你又会觉得自己还是很厉害的，毕竟你还是可以把英语当做一件工具，和native speaker之外的多国人士交流的。
5、更懂得尊重不同的理念
其实没有人喜欢judgmental的人，这一点其实国内大多数人也是一样的。英语里有这么两个词：whine(y)，judge(mental)，你会发现这两件事在老外当中的不受欢迎程度很明显。所以在异国他乡，除了对知己好友之外，大多数人都会选择努力去塑造一个正能量更多的形象：少去抱怨，少去评判别人的观点或行为，除了你心中的原则性问题。渐渐地你就会变成一个更加令身边的人喜欢的人。
6、内心更加看重亲情
能远赴异国去留学的人一般独立自理的能力都不低，无论是生活上还是心理上。但是当你在国外遇到点什么苦恼困惑，身边又无人能帮你，只有爸妈温柔的安慰和嘱咐在视讯的时候传来;或者是遇到重大年节，却只觉得异国寂寞无所适从的时候，你的思家之情绝对会爆棚的，那时候最想的就是能瞬间回到家中，吃爸爸妈妈给你亲手做的饭了。有时候心里甚至会觉得，和爸妈之间的亲情居然又升华了一个高度。
7、会更注重自己的形象
无论是置装也好，化妆也好，还是追求干净大方但要独树一格也好，反正到新环境的人，都想让人都对自己有个好印象。
外国人好像都挺爱打扮挺注重形象的，这也反应了他们的一种生活态度，以及对旁人(包括陌生人)的礼貌和尊重。在这样的新环境里，甚至不需要潜移默化的影响，你下意识地就会开始注重自身的形象，如果之前的形象不够好的话，你就会马上想要做出改变，免得在其他人面前自惭形秽。
8、更open地表达自己的情感
你身边有老外或者来自台湾的同学朋友的话，你会渐渐发现他们从不吝于表达自己的feeling，赞赏、争议、爱恨似乎都在他们的口头上。而且你也发现，这种公开的表达其实让人与人的交往变得更容易了。渐渐地你可能也会或多或少地开始使用这种open的情感表达方式。
9、有异国恋经历的，恋爱观会受影响
在恋爱关系中，每个人都是独立的个体，不要企图让对方的生活和你融为一体，你也不用刻意改变你原有的个性去迁就对方，这样的爱情反而容易夭折，即便结婚了，双方都有一定的自由空间，就像手里抓着一把沙，抓得太紧或者太松都可能会失去更多，尺度很重要，而且也不要去追逐海枯石烂永恒的爱情，只要当初两人都是真诚地爱着对方，无论结局如何，都无怨无悔，有情人会终成眷属
10、眼界更宽
这里只是说相对而言，在某些方面，可能留过学的人比一直在国内读书的人见识要更多更广一些，尤其在文化方面。
无论思维和习惯上有什么样的差异，留学对人的改变，并不足以直接为不同人的人生贴上区分的标签，每个人都会遇到不同的新事物，每个人都在随时随地迎接着改变。。。。。。
11、拒绝价值观和道德绑架(Don'tjudge)
没有深切接触过国外文化的人或许很难理解这点。因为在中国文化当中，每个人都是作为社会关系中的一员，深深地和别人联系在一起。每个人都被别人评判，每个人都评判别人。
而在国外社会，人是社会功能的一员，一个人的工作和他的私生活是可以完全分开的。外国人强调个人在集体中的独立，中国人强调个人在集体中的联系。
作为一个文化上的自由主义分子，外国人一般“不轻易评判(Don't judge)”其他人，所以非常不喜欢道德和价值观绑架，而Don't judge，亦是有教养的体现。
12、世界很宽广，容易接受适应各种环境
曾经有个留学生在微博感慨说，留学让她得到的不止是学历，更重要是获得包括“把自己丢在任何地方都能生存”的各种能力。
而就像会两种语言的人更加容易学习第三种语言一样，留学期间接触到不同文化的人，会让留学生更容易接受不同的文化。在国外呆久了以后，会觉得自己是生活在世界上，而不是单一国家里。同时更换环境的心理障碍也小很多，你不会觉得那是件有多厉害或多困难的事。
13、辩证地看待问题
有过留学经历的学生，大多不会盲目追捧或者贬低国外或国内情况，他们经常会对比中外两种文化和观点，开始理性的分析中外两边各有的美好。
14、珍惜中国的各种美好
很多中国留学生，在留学期间会变得更熟悉和热爱中国文化——他们会开始觉得，自己作为一个中国人，受到传统文化和价值观的熏陶非常幸运。会觉得中国的传统价值观特别感人。会非常珍惜中国文化中“人情味”这一点。觉得中国人有一种忍辱负重如平常、总是要活下去的非常令人感动的生命精神。还有中国人对家庭和亲情的重视，也是非常令人感动的。
15、更加独立
这是国外人“独立”的价值观。因为不尊重他人的人在他们的文化里很令人讨厌。
尊重他人大致包括：不抱怨，不影响他人，不麻烦他人，不强迫他人接受自己的观点，不轻易评判别人，等等。
16、充满正能量，不再轻易抱怨环境
大多数外国人都是心态良好、充满正能量的人，很少去抱怨自己国家或者他人，他们茶余饭后的话题都是如何更好的去享受生活，去尝试不同的新鲜事物，比较正面积极一些。
批判性思维，英文叫 Critical Thinking，在讲究标准化答案、唯一性答案的中国教育体系里，属于非常“短缺”的一样东西。但这东西神龙见尾不见首，貌似还没人解释清楚过，尤其要让孩子明白什么叫批判性思维、为什么这事儿比较重要、怎么成为一个有这方面能力的人，更不容易。
今天，来说说什么叫批判性思维怎么练吧。
批判性思维，英文叫 Critical Thinking，在讲究标准化答案、唯一性答案的中国教育体系里，属于非常“短缺”的一样东西。但这东西神龙见尾不见首，貌似还没人解释清楚过，尤其要让孩子明白什么叫批判性思维、为什么这事儿比较重要、怎么成为一个有这方面能力的人，更不容易。
这个问题，要说清楚还是可能的。还是老办法，我们不谈理论，就看看国外的学校、小孩是怎么做的？但愿你和孩子一看就明白了，这不就是常识么，不难啊！
在国外的幼儿园和小学，老师引导孩子们培养所谓Critical Thinking 能力是从教孩子学会提问题开始的。这张图不少学校都在用：
跟孩子说，当别人告诉你什么事儿的时候，要问问自己：
Who － 这是谁在说？熟人？名人？权威人士？想想看，谁在说这句话，重要不重要？
What － 他们在说什么？这是一个事实（fact）还是一个想法（opinion）？他们说话有足够的根据么？他们是不是有所保留，有的话出于某种原因没说出来？
Where－ 他们在哪里说的这些话？在公共场合，还是私下里？其他人有机会发表不同意见么？
When－他们什么时候说的？是在事情发生前、发生中，还是发生后？
Why － 为什么他们会这么说？他们对自己的观点解释得充分么？他们是不是有意在美化或丑化一些人？
How－他们是怎么说的？他们说的时候看上去开心么？难过么？生气么？真心么？仅仅是口头表达的，还是写成了文字？...
你看，一个人说话，甭管他是谁，在有批判性思考能力的小孩心里就会过这么多“坎儿”，这孩子真是没法哄，更别说“骗”了。
说实话，有多少大人能对外界言论进行如此过滤和思考呢？
老师在各种教学场景下，都会引导孩子提问题，多数国外家长也会有意识无意识地在日常生活中引导孩子这方面的思维。话说，一个学龄前孩子每年起码会问400个问题，善于提问，绝对是件好事儿。
这张图里，也是一些引导孩子进行 Critical Thinking，学会去提的问题 ...
What's happening？
鼓励孩子收集信息，搞清楚事情的来龙去脉
Why is it important？
时时要提醒自己事情的意义和重要性到底在哪里
What don't I see?
问问自己是不是错过了一些重要方面、重要信息
How do I know?
反思自己的思考过程，看看是不是方法对头
Who is saying it?
想一想说话的人是居于什么立场，受过什么影响？说实话，让小孩去考虑到这个层面，真的很厉害！
What else, what if？
除了这种说法（观点），还有其它看法和可能么？
除了提问题，Critical Thinking 还表现在让孩子学会表达自己观点，并用事实和逻辑去支撑自己的观点上。
比如，在一个美国小学里，为了鼓励孩子的思辨，还把这些基本的思考模式做成引导句（prompts）海报贴在教室的墙上，让孩子随时可以看到、想到，这样也就一点点把好的思维习惯培养起来了。
来，仔细看看这些思维引导句式：
我同意，因为 ...
我不同意，因为 ...
我觉得，因为 ...
我推断，因为 ...
我预测，因为...
我质疑，因为 ...
我认为，因为 ...
我的理论是，因为...
小编觉得这个句式的上半部分咱们用的还是蛮多的（我们不缺观点、想法、猜测），但是我们在后半部分弱了一些，就是少有人把“因为”讲得有理有据，让人信服。
小学以后，孩子们锻炼 Critical Thinking 的一个主要渠道是阅读，无论是读完文章、还是小说，或者是科普知识类书籍，孩子们都要做一些思辨性的 Reading Response （读后感）这三类文体所对应的 Critical Thinking 问题有一些不一样的地方，但大同小异。一般来说，老师让孩子读完文章或书后，会引导他们去思考这些问题：
What issue did this article address?
这篇文章或这本书说了什么？
What goal did the author have when writing this article? Did the author meet this goal? Explain your thinking.
作者写这篇文章或这本书的目的是什么？他达到目的了吗？你怎么看？为什么？
What points of view did the author present in this article? How are these points of view biased?
作者的基本观点是什么？你觉得他的观点有偏颇么，在哪里？
What evidence supports the information provided in this article? What assumptions did the author make in this article?
作者用了什么事例来证明他的观点？他的论证充分么？他的假设靠谱么？
What big concepts or ideas are covered in this article?
这篇文章或这本书里有什么重要的概念或主张么？
What inferences does the author make in this article? What inference can you make from this evidence in this article?
作者的推断是什么？基于作者给的论据，你会得出什么样的推断？
What significance does this piece have for you, why?
这篇文章或这本书对你来说，有什么意义？
按照美国一个研究机构的总结，小孩 Critical Thinking 能力的发展，分几个阶段：
1、第一个阶段，能回答问题，能说出同意或不同意，但不太能充分说出理由。在表达上，还不能书写完整的句子。
2、第二个阶段，能说出一些理由了，而且也能用完整的句子在口头上和书面上表达自己。
3、在第二阶段的基础上，不光能给出理由，而且能给出具体的例子和证据，问出有意义的问题。
4、在第三阶段的基础上，能在各种场景下进行 Critical Thinking，并养成这样的思维习惯。
在国内，Critical Thinking 被翻译成批判性思维，感觉好像有这种思维习惯的人一天到晚在批评人，很负能量似的，但Critical Thinking完全不是这么回事儿。
Critical Thinking，总结下来，是一种这样的思维习惯：
1、The inquiring mind - don't take everything at face value
有探究精神，不只看表面，不轻信盲从
2、Be open-minded - open to views other than their own
心态开放，不轻易否决和自己不同的观点
3、Independant-minded - will judge ideas on their merits
能独立思考，理性客观，不太受外界影响
4、Circumspect － Tentative in their beliefs until their is sufficient evidence to choose a more definite position.
言行谨慎，不盲目自信，没有足够根据不轻易下结论
而表现在具体的行为习惯上，是这样的：
1、Analyze - think deeply
善于分析，思虑深沉
2、Critique - evaluate
善于评估、评价
3、Ask questions & Investigate - look for answers
善于问问题，研究调查，积极寻找解答
4、Develop / Design - come up with and revise new Ways to Solve different kinds of Problems
善于拓展、设计，找到解决问题的新方法
这就是我们所说的具有 Critical Thinking 批判性思维能力的人所具有的特征。这跟爱批评、发牢骚完全不是一码事儿。
来看看国外孩子的一些结合解决实际问题、非常简单的 Critical Thinking 练习，感受一下：
1、两条街上各有一个超市，同一种面包在这两家超市的价格差1美金，请问你需要考虑哪些因素才会决定去哪个超市买面包？
在老师引导下，孩子们也许会考虑到这些因素，比如：距离、路上时间、面包保质期、店里其它商品的价格、每家店的声誉，还有自己的个人偏好等 ...
2、你的朋友戴比上学老是迟到，她想改变这个糟糕的情况，请你提建议。你需要从戴比那儿获得哪些信息才能给她一个好的建议？
在老师引导下，孩子们会重点考虑：为什么戴比会经常迟到？或者说，让她迟到的因素有哪些，这些因素哪些能有改变，哪些无法改变？能改变的因素，改进方法有哪些？等等。
3、除了价格上的差别，一件100美元的衬衣和意见10美元的衬衣，你觉得会有哪些不同？
在老师引导下，孩子们会重点考虑：决定衣服价格的有哪些因素？材料质量，工厂位置，生产方法，门店位置，设计师声誉，目标市场，产品本身的舒适度、质量、耐穿性、时尚性，等等 ...
4、你打算去大峡谷旅行，但只能带一双鞋子，一条裤子，一件衬衣，你觉得带什么样的鞋子、裤子、衬衣比较合适？为什么？
在老师引导下，孩子们会考虑：大峡谷的气候条件、昼夜温差、地貌地形、是否要翻山越岭等各种复杂因素，综合分析和判断。说实话，这还真不是容易回答的问题。
怎么样？ Critical Thinking 并不抽象吧？多问些为什么，从多一些角度去考虑问题，说话要有根据，对待世界上大多数人和事情保持客观理性的态度，不轻信，不盲从，不武断，就是这种思维能力最基本的一些表现。
我觉得我们的孩子完全可以有意识地去养成这样的思维习惯。
相信不少老师内心里也希望孩子们不要只看标准答案，学会思考。
学校以外，爸爸妈妈们更可以在生活中处处找到和孩子一起锻炼这种思维能力的机会。
说实话，思考能力比干货知识的“升值”潜力大多了，你觉得呢？
原因是JAVA需要寄宿在JVM上运行(JAVA虚拟机),然后由JVM负责把指令传达到操作系统底层。所以JAVA程序在性能上要比C\C++程序慢一个节拍。你可以到其它平台试试就知道了，比如open judge。
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